Determining Causes and Effects Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Determining Causes and Effects - Research Paper Example Should critical studies be conducted on the causes and effects of water pollution in Lake Huron therefore, chances are that the situation will cease with immediate effect. This is because knowing the causes of the problem will lead to the development of an intervention and solution that will only scrub the problem from the surface but from its deepest roots. Moreover, knowing the effects of the pollution of the Lake will lead to an awareness and sensitization on the part of the general public on the need to stop polluting the water source. Causes of Pollution of Lake Huron Like many other water sources, Lake Huron is one the water bodies in North America that continues to be plagued with dumping of waste from industries and factories as its major cause of pollution (Hot Indies News, 2012).). The activities of these industries and factories can be praised as a source of revamping industrialization and boosting the growth of America’s economy. However, the irresponsible disposal of waste produced from these sources continues to be the number source of pollution in Lake Huron and many other sources of water in America. This is because most of these manufacturing industries have their waste disposal channels linked either directly to the lake or other sources of water that flow into the lake. ... Though fishers have stopped the use of chemicals in fishing in the lake, their activities continue to be a major source of pollution in the lake especially when they undertake deep water fishing. This is because in the cause of the fishing, they tamper with the natural flow of the water and causes it to be come dirty. What is more, the washing of poisonous and other harmful pollutants from the nearby land system into the lake whenever there is a downpour of rain is a contributing cause of pollution in the lake. This is one of the causes that may be described as unintentional but highly unavoidable. This is because as long as rains continue to pour and they wash into the lake, the tendency that solid waste produced by people settling near the lake and those around other sources of water that flows into the lake would wash directly into the lake and pollute it. Finally, marked as one of the lakes in the Northern American terrain that is worse hit with numerous incidences of shipwrecks, Lake Huron continues to have as one of its causes of pollution, the wrecking of some of these ships (Browder, 1992). It has been noted that most of the ships that travel on the lake often carry huge amounts of raw materials such as crude, fertilizers and mineral ore. They also carry personal belongings of passengers. In the event of any shipwreck, the tendency that most of these raw materials would spill into the lake and pollute it is very high. It is for this reason that shipwrecks have been identified as contributing cause of pollution in Lake Huron. Effect of Pollution of Lake Huron on the Economy Lake Huron is a very fine source of water that could otherwise serve as one of

Inelastic scatttering of neutrons or x rays by phonons Essay

Inelastic scatttering of neutrons or x rays by phonons - Essay Example The instrument used to measure this form of X ray scattering is called a TOF chopper spectrometers. Inelastic scattering essentially involves the interaction between neutron and phonons and the exchange of energy and momentum that takes place. The Inelastic Neutron Scattering can be represented by the following double differential equation ( Loong Chun, 2006) Here, the scattering function S (Q, E) is directly related to the space-time correlation functions that exist between particles or the space-time constraints of the particle itself. Coherent Inelastic Scattering This involves addition of both energy and momentum. A coherent scattering experiment provides details about the frequency and space configurations of phonons. The phonons can be quantified as the vibrations of ions in their respective positions of equilibrium. The experiment manages in measuring the static and dynamic factors of both the core electrons and the electrons located in the outer periphery. These x ray diffrac tion experiments provide information regarding the behaviour of quantum liquids. The speed of sound in water which is function of its temperature can be ascertained using this experiment. Further density variations of fluids with temperature changes and the corresponding arrangements of ions structurally also form part of the inelastic scattering process. ... Further the Born-Von Karman analysis provides relationship between force constants and the dispersions. (Loong Chun, 2006) Dispersion curves thus plotted using this relation provide information regarding the phonon density. This is critical in measuring thermodynamic specifics like vibration entropy and specific heat of materials.( Loong Chun, 2006) The INS Instrument-Crystal Mono-chromators and Choppers The INS instrument is capable of performing very precise measurements and calculating S (Q, E) to its absolute units. It is very critical to calculate the total energy interaction that occurs when scattering takes place. An energy filter placed at a certain collimated solid angle is used to allow these low energy scattered neutrons to pass through it. (Veenendaal M van et al, 2010) This utilizes two methods to assess the process. One involves a direct geometry which utilizes a combination of fixed incident energy and variable scattered energies. The other uses inverse geometry combin ing variable incident energy and fixed scattered energy. The coherent inelastic x ray spectrometer uses a mono-chromator of high energy that is utilized as the source. The analyzer is formed by a curved Si crystal. A nested crystal that is formed by a combination of Si (4 4 0)-(15 11 3) forms the mono-chromator. A Diced Silicon crystal of bending radius 6m with a combination of (18 6 0) forms the analyzer. The energy resolution obtained in this exercise is 2meV while the momentum transferred is 5A-1. The energy of the photons that are used to impact initially is in the range of 21.657 keV. (Loong Chun, 2006) Source: Phonon dispersion measurements in Berrylium along (0 0 ?) direction for the longitudinal phonons for ? values indicated for each spectrum,